![]() Although the physiological mechanisms underlying these improvements are still unclear, the noradrenergic and dopaminergic systems may be involved in cognitive improvement 14– 16. It has been suggested that increases in arousal to an optimal level lead to improvements in cognitive function during exercise 11, 13. In contrast, acute exercise appears to improve cognitive function 11, 12. This notion is in line with a recent meta-analytic review demonstrating that arterial oxygen partial pressure (PaO 2) is the key predictor of cognitive function under hypoxia 10. Importantly, these impairments appear to be exaggerated as the severity of hypoxia increases 7– 9. Indeed, a growing body of literature suggests that cognitive function is impaired under hypoxia 7– 9. Nevertheless, hypoxia may have detrimental effects on the central nervous system and brain function 1, 5, 6. Under hypoxic conditions, increases in cerebral blood flow serve to maintain oxygen delivery to the brain at rest 2– 4. Sufficient oxygen delivery and perfusion to brain tissue is critical for avoiding the life-threatening consequences of hypoxic environments 1. Taken together, the present results suggest that arterial desaturation attenuates cognitive improvements during exercise under hypoxia. Cognitive performance was not associated with other physiological parameters. However, under hypoxia, cognitive improvements were attenuated for individuals exhibiting a greater decrease in peripheral oxygen saturation. On average, cognitive performance improved during exercise under both normoxia and hypoxia, without sacrificing accuracy. Cerebral oxygen delivery was calculated as the product of estimated arterial oxygen content and cerebral blood flow. ![]() Peripheral oxygen saturation, cerebral oxygenation, and middle cerebral artery velocity were continuously monitored. ![]() The participants completed cognitive tasks at rest and during moderate exercise under either normoxic or severe hypoxic conditions. Here, we examined the combined effects of acute exercise and severe hypoxia on cognitive function and identified physiological factors that determine cognitive function during exercise under severe hypoxia. However, the physiological factors that determine cognitive function during exercise under hypoxia remain unclear. Hence, cognitive function during exercise under severe hypoxia may be determined by the balance between the beneficial effects of exercise and the detrimental effects of severe hypoxia. In contrast, severe hypoxia can impair cognitive function. Acute exercise has been demonstrated to improve cognitive function. ![]()
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